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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer

Câu 25: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best way to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets cam take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year. A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"

Câu 1: According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

A. has the fewest variables to consider  

B. uses the most decision worksheet

C. has the most points assigned to it  

D. is agreed to by the greatest number of people

Câu 2: Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

A. Proponents (paragraph 1)  

B. Optimal (paragraph 1)

C. Variables (paragraph 3)

D. Long-range goals (paragraph 4)

Câu 3: The word "essential" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A. introductory

B. fundamental

C. changeable

D. beneficial

Câu 4: The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once" (paragraph 3) to explain that

A. people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

B. most decisions involve seven steps.

C. human mental capacity has limitations.

D. some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions.

Câu 5: The word "it"  in paragraph  4  refers to

A. worksheet

B. problem

C. distinction 

D. decision

Câu 6: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.

B. Research on how people make decisions.

C. A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

D. Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.

Câu 7: Of the following steps, which occurs BEFORE the others in making a decision worksheet?

A. Listing the consequences of each solution.

B. Writing down all possible solutions.

C. Deciding which consequences are most important.

D. Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.

Lời giải:

Đáp án:

Giải thích:

1. Thông tin: A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. (Một quyết định được tính toán bằng cách cộng các giá trị này lại với nhau. Phương án có số điểm cao nhất nổi lên như là quyết định tốt nhất.)

2. Thông tin: Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. (Những người ủng hộ bảng tính tin rằng nó sẽ mang lại tối ưu, đó là, các quyết định tốt nhất.)

3. essential" = fundamental: căn bản, thiết yếu

4. Tác giả nói rằng "Trung bình, mọi người có thể giữ khoảng bảy ý tưởng trong tâm trí của họ cùng một lúc" (đoạn 3) để giải thích rằng khả năng trí tuệ của con người có giới hạn.

5. Thông tin: A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. (Một bảng tính ra quyết định bắt đầu bằng một câu ngắn gọn về vấn đề cũng sẽ giúp thu hẹp nó.)

6. Bài văn thảo luận về “Một công cụ hỗ trợ đưa ra các quyết định phức tạp” đó là “decision worksheet”

7. Thông tin: Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. (Worksheets yêu cầu xác định vấn đề một cách rõ ràng và súc tích, sau đó liệt kê tất cả các giải pháp khả thi cho vấn đề.)